What is Existentialism?

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, primarily in Europe, and has since become one of the most influential and diverse strands of philosophical thought. Developed by thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus, existentialism is often characterized by its emphasis on individual existence, subjective experience, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. In this article, we will explore the key ideas and concepts underlying existentialism and its relevance in contemporary philosophy.

Origins of Existentialism

Existentialism can trace its roots back to the writings of Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in the 19th century. Kierkegaard is considered the precursor to existentialism, as he explored themes of individuality, anxiety, and subjective truth. According to Kierkegaard, true knowledge and understanding come from an individual's personal experience and not from objective, universal truths. His philosophy centered around the individual's confrontation with the absurdity and anxiety of life.

The term "existentialism" itself emerged later, in the early 20th century, with the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche's ideas of nihilism and the death of God laid the groundwork for existentialism by challenging traditional religious and moral values. Nietzsche argued that the absence of God's existence left humans in a void, forcing them to create their own values and meanings in life. This notion of personal responsibility for creating meaning became a central theme in existentialist thought.

Key Concepts in Existentialism

Existentialism encompasses a wide range of ideas and concepts, but several key themes are particularly salient in understanding the philosophy:

Existential Anxiety and Anguish

Existentialists often explore the existential anxiety and anguish that arise from the awareness of one's existence and the uncertainty of life's meaning. Faced with the vastness of the universe and the absence of inherent meaning, individuals are confronted with a feeling of anguish. This anguish stems from the realization that they are ultimately responsible for creating their values and purpose in life.

Authenticity and Freedom

Existentialism emphasizes the notion of authenticity, which refers to living an examined life true to one's own values and beliefs. Authenticity requires individuals to break free from societal expectations and external influences, and instead, take responsibility for their actions and choices. Existentialists argue that freedom is a fundamental aspect of human existence, but it also comes with the burden of making choices and accepting the consequences that result from those choices.

Existential Absurdity

Existentialists assert that life is inherently absurd. They argue that objective truths, values, and meaning are illusory and that individuals must confront the absurdity of existence. This confrontation often leads to feelings of despair and existential crisis. However, existentialists also see the recognition of absurdity as an opportunity for personal growth and the creation of one's own meaning.

Death and Mortality

Existentialism places great emphasis on death and mortality as essential aspects of the human condition. The awareness of our mortality heightens our understanding of the finite nature of life and the urgency to live authentically. Existentialists argue that the confrontation with the certainty of death helps individuals prioritize values and live purposefully.

Relevance of Existentialism Today

Existentialism continues to be a significant influence in contemporary philosophy, as it raises essential questions about human existence and meaning in an increasingly complex world. Its emphasis on individuality and personal responsibility resonates in modern discussions on identity, freedom, and ethics. Existentialist ideas have also permeated other disciplines such as psychology, literature, and art, contributing to a deeper understanding of the human experience.

Moreover, existentialism offers a valuable perspective on the challenges posed by a rapidly changing society. In an era marked by social, political, and technological transformations, the concepts of authenticity, freedom, and the recognition of absurdity can help individuals navigate the complexities of their own existence. Existentialism encourages individuals to confront the uncertainty and anxiety of the modern world with a commitment to personal growth and an active search for meaning.

In conclusion, existentialism is a philosophical movement that explores the individual's existence, subjective experience, and the search for meaning in an inherently meaningless world. Its origins can be traced back to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, and it encompasses key concepts such as existential anxiety, authenticity, absurdity, and mortality. While existentialism may seem daunting, it offers valuable insights into the human condition and continues to be relevant in contemporary philosophical discourse.

References

1. Kierkegaard, Søren. The Sickness Unto Death. Anchor, 2013.
2. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Penguin Classics, 2003.
3. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness. Routledge, 2003.
4. Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus. Penguin Classics, 2005.